I initially created this website for me and members in the research group of Prof. Dr. Abe in Hiroshima University to make notes for quantum chemical computations. Over time, more and more people started paying attention to my website, and I started to noticed that, as a researcher, it is important to make some contribution not only on the research results. So, I started to sharing some (might be) useful blogs and programs on this site. Hope you enjoy these.
Localised singlet diradicals are key intermediates in bond homolysis processes. Generally, these highly reactive species undergo radicalâradical coupling reaction immediately after their generation. Therefore, their short-lived character hampers experimental investigations of their nature. In this study, we implemented the new concept of âstretch effectâ to access a kinetically stabilised singlet diradicaloid. To this end, a macrocyclic structure was computationally designed to enable the experimental examination of a singlet diradicaloid with Ï-single bonding character. The kinetically stabilised diradicaloid exhibited a low carbonâcarbon coupling reaction rate of 6.4 Ă 103 sâ1 (155.9 ÎŒs), approximately 11 and 1000 times slower than those of the first generation of macrocyclic system (7.0 Ă 104 sâ1, 14.2 ÎŒs) and the parent system lacking the macrocycle (5 Ă 106 sâ1, 200 ns) at 293 K in benzene, respectively. In addition, a significant dynamic solvent effect was observed for the first time in intramolecular radicalâradical coupling reactions in viscous solvents such as glycerin triacetate. This theoretical and experimental study demonstrates that the stretch effect and solvent viscosity play important roles in retarding the Ï-bond formation process, thus enabling a thorough examination of the nature of the singlet diradicaloid and paving the way toward a deeper understanding of reactive intermediates.
SOMOâHOMO Conversion in Triplet Cyclopentane-1,3-diyl Diradicals
According to the Aufbau principle, singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) are energetically higher lying than a highest doubly occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the electronically ground state of radicals. However, in the last decade, SOMOâHOMO-converted species have been reported in a limited group of radicals, such as distonic anion radicals and nitroxides. In this study, SOMOâHOMO conversion was observed in triplet 2,2-difluorocyclopentane-1,3-diyl diradicals DR3F1, DR4F1, and 2-fluorocyclopentante-1,3-diyl diradical DR3HF1, which contain the anthracyl unit at the remote position. The high HOMO energy in the anthracyl moiety and the low-lying SOMOâ1 due to the fluoro-substituent effect are the key to the SOMOâHOMO conversion phenomenon. Furthermore, the cation radical DR3F1+ generated through the one-electron oxidation of DR3F1 was found to be a SOMOâHOMO-converted monoradical.
Long-lived localised singlet diradicaloids with carbonâcarbon Ï-single bonding (CâÏâC)
Localised singlet cyclopentane-1,3-diyl diradicaloids have been considered promising candidates for constructing carbonâcarbon Ï-single bonds (CâÏâC). However, the high reactivity during formation of the Ï-bond has limited a deeper investigation of its unique chemical properties. In this feature article, recent progress in kinetic stabilisation based on the âstretch effectâ and the âsolvent dynamic effectâ induced by the macrocyclic system is summarised. Singlet diradicaloids S-DR4a/b and S-DR4d containing macrocyclic rings showed much longer lifetimes at 293 K (14 ÎŒs for S-DR4a and 156 ÎŒs for S-DR4b in benzene) compared to the parent singlet diradicaloid S-DR2 having no macrocyclic ring (209 ns in benzene). Furthermore, the dynamic solvent effect in viscous solvents was observed for the first time in intramolecular Ï-bond formation, the lifetime of S-DR4d increased to 400 ÎŒs in the viscous solvent glycerin triacetin at 293 K. The experimental results proved the validity of the âstretch effectâ and the âsolvent dynamic effectâ on the kinetic stabilisation of singlet cyclopentane-1,3-diyl diradicaloids, and provided a strategy for isolating the carbonâcarbon Ï-single bonded species (CâÏâC), and towards a deeper understanding of the nature of chemical bonding.
Unless we change directions, we will end up where we are headed.